Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Charcoal shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Charcoal offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Charcoal at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Charcoal? Wrong! If the Charcoal is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Charcoal then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Charcoal? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Charcoal and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Charcoal wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Charcoal then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Charcoal site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Charcoal, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Charcoal, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure
carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by heating
wood,
sugar, bone char, or others substances in the absence of
oxygen (see Charring). The soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal and is 85% to 98%
carbon with the remainder consisting of volatile chemicals and ash.
The first part of the word is of obscure origin, but the first use of the term "coal" in English language was as a reference to charcoal. In this compound term, the prefix "chare-" meant "turn," with the literal meaning being "to turn to coal." The independent use of "char," meaning to scorch, to reduce to carbon, is comparatively recent and must be a back-formation from the earlier charcoal. It may be a use of the word
charren or
churn, meaning to turn, i.e. wood changed or turned to
coal, or it may be from the French (language)
charbon. A person who manufactured charcoal was formerly known as a wiktionary:collier, though the term was used later for those who dealt in coal, and the ships that transported it.
Production
)Production of wood charcoal in districts where there is an abundance of wood dates back to a very remote period, and generally consists of piling billets of wood on their ends so as to form a conical pile, openings being left at the bottom to admit
air, with a central shaft to serve as a flue. The whole pile is covered with turf or moistened clay. The firing is begun at the bottom of the flue, and gradually spreads outwards and upwards. The success of the operation depends upon the rate of the
combustion. Under average conditions, 100 parts of wood yield about 60 parts by volume, or 25 parts by weight, of charcoal; small scale production on the spot often yields only about 50%, large scale was efficient to about 90% even by the
17th century. The operation is so delicate that it was generally left to professional charcoal burners. These often worked in solitary groups in the woods and had a rather bad social reputation, especially traveling ones who often sold a sack (priced at about a day's
wage) with lots of
rubbish mixed in to farmers and townsfolk.
Historically the massive production of charcoal (at its height employment hundreds of thousands, mainly in Alpine and neighbouring forests) has been a major cause of
deforestation, especially in
Central Europe. In England, many woods were managed as
coppices, which were cut and regrew cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal would be available (in principle) forever; complaints (as early as in Stuart England) about shortages may relate to the results of temporary over-exploitation or the impossibility of increasing production. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor for the switch to the
fossil fuel equivalents, mainly
coal and brown coal for industrial use.
The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as sawdust in cast iron
retorts, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also by reason of the recovery of valuable byproducts (wood spirit,
pyroligneous acid, tar), which the process permits. The question of the
temperature of the carbonization is important; according to J. Percy, wood becomes brown at 220°C, a deep brown-black after some time at 280°, and an easily powdered mass at 310°. Charcoal made at 300° is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames at 380°; made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, and does not fire until heated to about 700°.
In Finland and
Scandinavia, the charcoal was considered the by-product of
tar production. The best tar came from pine, thus pinewoods were cut down for
tar pyrolysis. The residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for
metallurgy coke (fuel) on
blast furnaces for
smelting. Tar production led to rapid
deforestation: it has been estimated all Finnish forests are younger than 300 years by their age. The end of tar production in the end of the 19th century meant also rapid re-forestation.
Uses
One of the most important historical applications of wood charcoal was as a constituent of
gunpowder. It was also used in metallurgy operations as a reducing agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of coke (fuel),
anthracite smalls, etc. A limited quantity is made up into the form of drawing crayons; but the greatest amount is used as a
fuel, which burns hotter and cleaner than
wood. Charcoal is often used by
blacksmiths, for cooking, and for other industrial applications.
Industrial Fuel
Historically, charcoal was used in great quantities for smelting iron in bloomery and later blast furnaces and
finery forges. This was replaced for this by
coke (fuel) during the
Industrial Revolution. For this purpose, charcoal in
England was measured in dozens (or loads) consisting of 12 sacks or shems or seams, each of 8 bushels.
Commercially, charcoal is often found in either lump,
briquette or extruded forms:
- Lump charcoal is made directly from hardwood material and usually produces far less ash than briquettes.
- While some briquettes are made from a combination of charcoal (heat source), brown coal (heat source), mineral carbon (heat source), borax, sodium nitrate (ignition aid), limestone (uniform visual ashing), starch (binder), raw sawdust (ignition aid) and possibly additives like paraffin or lighter fluid to aid in lighting them, other "natural" briquettes are made solely from charcoal and a binder. The charcoal briquette was first invented by Henry Ford from wood and sawdust scraps from his automotive plant.
- Extruded charcoal is made by extruding either raw ground wood or carbonized wood into logs without the use of a binder. The heat and pressure of the extruding process hold the charcoal together. If the extrusion is made from raw wood material, the extruded timber are then subsequently carbonized.
The characteristics of charcoal products (lump, briquette or extruded forms) vary widely from product to product. Thus it is a common misconception to stereotype any kind of charcoal, saying which burns hotter, etc.
Charcoal is sometimes used to power commercial road vehicles, usually
buses - in countries where oil is scarce or completely unavailable. In the years immediately after the
World War II, charcoal buses were in regular use in
Japan and are still used today in
North Korea. Tokyo views of the city; essay contains a small section on Charcoal buses in post-war Japan
Purification/Filtration
The porosity of
Activated carbon accounts for its ability to readily
Adsorbtion gases and liquids; charcoal is often used to filter water or adsorb odors. Its
pharmacological action depends on the same property; it adsorbs the gases of the
stomach and
intestines, and also liquids and solids (hence its use in the treatment of certain toxin). Charcoal filters are used in some types of
gas mask to remove poisonous gases from inhaled air. Wood charcoal also to some extent removes coloring material from solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective.
Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous residue obtained by the dry distillation of bones; it contains only about 10% carbon, the remainder being calcium and
magnesium phosphates (80%) and other inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally manufactured from the residues obtained in the
Animal glue and
gelatin industries. Its decolorizing power was applied in 1812 by Derosne to the clarification of the
syrups obtained in sugar refining; but its use in this direction has now greatly diminished, owing to the introduction of more active and easily managed reagents. It is still used to some extent in laboratory practice. The decolorizing power is not permanent, becoming lost after using for some time; it may be revived, however, by washing and reheating.
Art
Charcoal is used in art for drawing, making rough sketches in
painting, and is one of the possible media for making a
Surrealist techniques#Parsemage. It must usually be preserved by the application of a fixative. Artists generally utilize charcoal in three forms:
- Vine charcoal is created by burning sticks of wood (usually willow or linden/Tilia) into soft, medium, and hard consistencies. Bamboo charcoal is the principal tool in Japanese Sumi-e (炭絵 lit: charcoal drawing) art.
- Compressed charcoal charcoal powder mixed with gum Binder (material) compressed into round or square sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Compressed charcoal is used in charcoal pencils.
- Powdered charcoal is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface. Drawing over the toned areas will darken it further, but the artist can also lighten (or completely erase) within the toned area to create lighter tones.
Horticulture
One additional use of charcoal rediscovered recently is in
horticulture. Although United States gardeners have been using charcoal for a short while, research on Terra preta soils in the Amazon has found the widespread use of
biochar by
Pre-Columbian Era natives to turn otherwise unproductive
soil into very rich soil. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of carbon sequestration.
Sources, references and external links
- Ignite Products - New generation charcoal products.
- Barbecue Charcoal - The available choices for the backyard barbecue
- Natural History of Europe - 2005 TV co-production including BBC and ZDF
- On Charcoal
- The Valley - BBC TV - one year of life on a 17th century farm reenacted by archaeologists and historians
- The Lump Charcoal Database - Information about lump charcoal.
- H E Z Organisation - Information about charcoal in Germany.
- How charcoal briquettes are made.
- - Information about charcoal.
- Photo of traditional charcoal production A forest kiln
- - Charcoal making community for livelihood
- - Traditional charcoal production method, India
- The River Wey and Wey Navigations Community Site — a non-commercial site of over 200,000 words all about the Wey Valley and includes a photo file on charcoal production and information relating to gunpowder manufacture at Chilworth.
- Catoctin Mountain Park, Maryland, USA, includes interpretive features ("Charcoal Trail", etc) on the history of charcoal making in the area.
- Bamboo Charcoal - Properties and Facts
- Coconut Charcoal - Facts
- Simple Home Charcoal Process
References
Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure
carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by heating
wood,
sugar,
bone char, or others substances in the absence of
oxygen (see
Charring). The soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal and is 85% to 98%
carbon with the remainder consisting of volatile chemicals and ash.
The first part of the word is of obscure origin, but the first use of the term "coal" in
English language was as a reference to charcoal. In this compound term, the prefix "chare-" meant "turn," with the literal meaning being "to turn to coal." The independent use of "char," meaning to scorch, to reduce to carbon, is comparatively recent and must be a
back-formation from the earlier charcoal. It may be a use of the word
charren or
churn, meaning to turn, i.e. wood changed or turned to coal, or it may be from the French (language)
charbon. A person who manufactured charcoal was formerly known as a
wiktionary:collier, though the term was used later for those who dealt in coal, and the ships that transported it.
Production
)Production of wood charcoal in districts where there is an abundance of wood dates back to a very remote period, and generally consists of piling billets of wood on their ends so as to form a conical pile, openings being left at the bottom to admit air, with a central shaft to serve as a
flue. The whole pile is covered with turf or moistened
clay. The firing is begun at the bottom of the flue, and gradually spreads outwards and upwards. The success of the operation depends upon the rate of the combustion. Under average conditions, 100 parts of wood yield about 60 parts by volume, or 25 parts by
weight, of charcoal; small scale production on the spot often yields only about 50%, large scale was efficient to about 90% even by the
17th century. The operation is so delicate that it was generally left to professional charcoal burners. These often worked in solitary groups in the woods and had a rather bad social reputation, especially traveling ones who often sold a sack (priced at about a day's wage) with lots of
rubbish mixed in to farmers and townsfolk.
Historically the massive production of charcoal (at its height
employment hundreds of thousands, mainly in Alpine and neighbouring forests) has been a major cause of
deforestation, especially in Central Europe. In England, many woods were managed as
coppices, which were cut and regrew cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal would be available (in principle) forever; complaints (as early as in
Stuart England) about shortages may relate to the results of temporary over-exploitation or the impossibility of increasing production. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor for the switch to the
fossil fuel equivalents, mainly
coal and
brown coal for industrial use.
The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as
sawdust in cast iron retorts, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also by reason of the recovery of valuable byproducts (wood spirit, pyroligneous acid,
tar), which the process permits. The question of the temperature of the carbonization is important; according to J. Percy, wood becomes brown at 220°C, a deep brown-black after some time at 280°, and an easily powdered mass at 310°. Charcoal made at 300° is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames at 380°; made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, and does not fire until heated to about 700°.
In Finland and
Scandinavia, the charcoal was considered the by-product of
tar production. The best tar came from
pine, thus pinewoods were cut down for tar pyrolysis. The residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for
metallurgy coke (fuel) on
blast furnaces for smelting. Tar production led to rapid deforestation: it has been estimated all Finnish forests are younger than 300 years by their age. The end of tar production in the end of the 19th century meant also rapid re-forestation.
Uses
One of the most important historical applications of wood charcoal was as a constituent of
gunpowder. It was also used in
metallurgy operations as a reducing agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of coke (fuel),
anthracite smalls, etc. A limited quantity is made up into the form of drawing crayons; but the greatest amount is used as a
fuel, which burns hotter and cleaner than
wood. Charcoal is often used by blacksmiths, for cooking, and for other industrial applications.
Industrial Fuel
Historically, charcoal was used in great quantities for smelting iron in
bloomery and later blast furnaces and
finery forges. This was replaced for this by coke (fuel) during the
Industrial Revolution. For this purpose, charcoal in England was measured in dozens (or loads) consisting of 12 sacks or
shems or seams, each of 8 bushels.
Commercially, charcoal is often found in either lump,
briquette or extruded forms:
- Lump charcoal is made directly from hardwood material and usually produces far less ash than briquettes.
- While some briquettes are made from a combination of charcoal (heat source), brown coal (heat source), mineral carbon (heat source), borax, sodium nitrate (ignition aid), limestone (uniform visual ashing), starch (binder), raw sawdust (ignition aid) and possibly additives like paraffin or lighter fluid to aid in lighting them, other "natural" briquettes are made solely from charcoal and a binder. The charcoal briquette was first invented by Henry Ford from wood and sawdust scraps from his automotive plant.
- Extruded charcoal is made by extruding either raw ground wood or carbonized wood into logs without the use of a binder. The heat and pressure of the extruding process hold the charcoal together. If the extrusion is made from raw wood material, the extruded timber are then subsequently carbonized.
The characteristics of charcoal products (lump, briquette or extruded forms) vary widely from product to product. Thus it is a common misconception to stereotype any kind of charcoal, saying which burns hotter, etc.
Charcoal is sometimes used to power commercial road vehicles, usually
buses - in countries where
oil is scarce or completely unavailable. In the years immediately after the World War II, charcoal buses were in regular use in
Japan and are still used today in North Korea. Tokyo views of the city; essay contains a small section on Charcoal buses in post-war Japan
Purification/Filtration
The porosity of
Activated carbon accounts for its ability to readily Adsorbtion gases and liquids; charcoal is often used to filter water or adsorb
odors. Its pharmacological action depends on the same property; it adsorbs the gases of the
stomach and intestines, and also liquids and solids (hence its use in the treatment of certain toxin). Charcoal filters are used in some types of
gas mask to remove poisonous gases from inhaled air. Wood charcoal also to some extent removes coloring material from solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective.
Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous
residue obtained by the dry distillation of bones; it contains only about 10% carbon, the remainder being calcium and
magnesium phosphates (80%) and other inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally manufactured from the residues obtained in the Animal glue and gelatin industries. Its decolorizing power was applied in 1812 by Derosne to the clarification of the
syrups obtained in
sugar refining; but its use in this direction has now greatly diminished, owing to the introduction of more active and easily managed reagents. It is still used to some extent in
laboratory practice. The decolorizing power is not permanent, becoming lost after using for some time; it may be revived, however, by washing and reheating.
Art
Charcoal is used in art for drawing, making rough
sketches in
painting, and is one of the possible media for making a Surrealist techniques#Parsemage. It must usually be preserved by the application of a fixative. Artists generally utilize charcoal in three forms:
- Vine charcoal is created by burning sticks of wood (usually willow or linden/Tilia) into soft, medium, and hard consistencies. Bamboo charcoal is the principal tool in Japanese Sumi-e (炭絵 lit: charcoal drawing) art.
- Compressed charcoal charcoal powder mixed with gum Binder (material) compressed into round or square sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Compressed charcoal is used in charcoal pencils.
- Powdered charcoal is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface. Drawing over the toned areas will darken it further, but the artist can also lighten (or completely erase) within the toned area to create lighter tones.
Horticulture
One additional use of charcoal rediscovered recently is in horticulture. Although
United States gardeners have been using charcoal for a short while, research on Terra preta
soils in the Amazon has found the widespread use of biochar by
Pre-Columbian Era natives to turn otherwise unproductive soil into very rich soil. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of carbon sequestration.
Sources, references and external links
- Ignite Products - New generation charcoal products.
- Barbecue Charcoal - The available choices for the backyard barbecue
- Natural History of Europe - 2005 TV co-production including BBC and ZDF
- On Charcoal
- The Valley - BBC TV - one year of life on a 17th century farm reenacted by archaeologists and historians
- The Lump Charcoal Database - Information about lump charcoal.
- H E Z Organisation - Information about charcoal in Germany.
- How charcoal briquettes are made.
- - Information about charcoal.
- Photo of traditional charcoal production A forest kiln
- - Charcoal making community for livelihood
- - Traditional charcoal production method, India
- The River Wey and Wey Navigations Community Site — a non-commercial site of over 200,000 words all about the Wey Valley and includes a photo file on charcoal production and information relating to gunpowder manufacture at Chilworth.
- Catoctin Mountain Park, Maryland, USA, includes interpretive features ("Charcoal Trail", etc) on the history of charcoal making in the area.
- Bamboo Charcoal - Properties and Facts
- Coconut Charcoal - Facts
- Simple Home Charcoal Process
References
Charcoal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.
Dorset Charcoal Co. - sustainable Dorset barbecue & Artists charcoal.
The Dorset Charcoal Company specialises in BBQ and artists charcoal made from sustainable coppice woodland in the UK
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Welcome To Charcoal.com
Seeking information about charcoal? Find it through our comprehensive, search-friendly index.
Definition: charcoal from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
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